Natural Language Processing History
Learn basics of Natural Language Processing
Natural language processing(NLP) is a field of artificial intelligence, computational linguistics, and computer science which is related to the interaction between human (natural) languages and computers. From LiveEdu.tv, you will learn NLP the right way by following premium tutorials and also finding other resources. Improve your career by getting the pro subscription. Let’s build things together.
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Natural Language Processing Introduction
Natural language processing(NLP) is a field of artificial intelligence, computational linguistics, and computer science and is related to the interaction between human (natural) languages and computers. There are numerous challenges in the field which include natural language generation, natural language understanding, connecting languages and machine perception.
History of Natural Language Processing
The history of Natural Language Processing can be traced back to 17th century when philosophers such as Leibniz and Descartes put forward proposals for codes to relate words between languages. Although these proposals only remained theoretical back then, they laid the ground for the development of an actual machine. The first patents for translating machine was applied in the mid-1930s by Georges Artsrouni's proposal. From that time, machine translation has undergone several changes. Below are some important changes that took place.
- 1950: Alan Turing in his article, "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" proposed the Turing test as a criterion of intelligence. The Turing test questioned the ability for machines to exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to that of humans.
- 1957: The Noam Chomsky’s Syntactic Structures helped revolutionized Linguistics with universal grammar.
- 1969: Roger Schank introduced a model that was partially influenced by the work of Sydnel lamb which was used extensively by Schank's students at Yale University.
- 1970: William A. Woods introduced the augmented transition network (ATN) to represent natural language input. Many programmers also began writing conceptual ontologies which structured real-world information into computer-understandable data in the 1970s.
- 1980: A revolution in NLP began in the 1980s with the introduction of machine learning algorithms for language processing. This was because of the steady increase in computational power resulting from Moore's Law and the gradual lessening of the dominance of Chomskyan theories of linguistics, whose theoretical underpinnings discouraged the sort of corpus linguistics that underlies the machine-learning approach to language processing.
- 2006: Watson, a question-answering computer system capable of answering questions posed in Natural language was developed in IMB's DeepQA project by a research team which was led by Principal Investigator David Ferrucci.
Natural Language Processing Tools
Like any subfield of artificial intelligence, Natural language processing is huge and requires tools to work effectively and efficiently. The tools will help you gain an advantage and makes work easy. Let us list some of the best Natural language processing tools out there. We will focus only on open source tools because they are easy to acquire.
- Stanford's Core NLP Suite The suite is a GPL-licensed framework that has tools for tokenization, grammar parsing, entity recognition, etc. It can process text in Chinese, English, and Spanish.
- Natural Language Toolkit Natural Language Toolkit is a simple Python toolkit that lets you manipulate text according to your needs. It can help you parse, tokenize and do other normal stuff.
- Apache Lucene and Solr This toolkit enables you to work with powerful text manipulations including tokenization, finite state automatons, etc.
- Apache OpenNLP: Apache OpenNLP has a different approach to Stanford's Library. It is Apache-licensed suite and offers same functionality that of Stanford NLP suite.
- GATE and Apache UIMA Both tools offer processing capabilities that work with different processing steps to build complex NLP workflows.
Education Ecosystem Natural Language Processing Project Creators
If you are wondering where to get started to learn NLP, then we will recommend you to watch NLP Project Creators on Education Ecosystem. Let us list top 5 NLP Project Creators on Education Ecosystem.
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Streamer Name: GeekBeard
Project Name: Api.Ai + Google NLP + Node.JS = chat
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Streamer Name: hemstreet
Project Name: Raspberry Pi Drink Pouring Robot
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Streamer Name: blue112
Project Name: [EN/HAXE] Factory-creating game
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Streamer Name: midnightdream
Project Name: Computational Linguistics Study
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Streamer Name: noskriptt
Project Name: Classes for expert forex!
Natural Language Processing Best Books
There are plenty of Natural Language Processing books online. The best way to start learning NLP is to invest in the books. So, why the wait? Let’s go through the best books for learning NLP. These books are categorized into Beginner, Intermediate and Advanced. So pick the book that best suits your level.
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Foundations of Statistical Natural Language Processing
by Christopher D. ManningHinrich Schütze
Statistical approaches to processing natural language text have become dominant in recent years. This foundational text is the first comprehensive introduction to statistical natural language processing (NLP) to appear. The book contains all the theory and algorithms needed for building NLP tools.
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Natural Language Processing and Text Mining
by Randy Krum
Natural Language Processing and Text Mining not only discusses applications of Natural Language Processing techniques to certain Text Mining tasks, but also the converse, the use of Text Mining to assist NLP. It assembles diverse views from internationally recognized researchers and emphasizes caveats in the attempt to apply Natural Language Processing to text mining.
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Handbook of Natural Language Processing, Second Edition (Chapman & Hall/CRC Machine Learning & Pattern Recognition)
by Nitin Indurkhya, Fred J. Damerau
This Handbook of Natural Language Processing, Second Edition presents practical tools and techniques for implementing natural language processing in computer systems. Along with removing outdated material, this edition updates every chapter and expands the content to include emerging areas, such as sentiment analysis.
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Mastering Natural Language Processing with Python
by Deepti Chopra, Nisheeth JoshiIti Mathur
This book is for intermediate level developers in NLP with a reasonable knowledge level and understanding of Python, In this book you will Learn to implement various NLP tasks in Python, Gain insights into the current and budding research topics of NLP
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Natural Language Processing: Python and NLTK
by Nathan Yau
If you are an NLP or machine learning enthusiast and an intermediate Python programmer who wants to quickly master NLTK for Natural Language processing, then this Learning Path will do you a lot of good. Students of linguistics and semantic/sentiment analysis professionals will find it invaluable.
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Future Ride: 80 Ways the Self-Driving, Autonomous Car Will Change Everything from Buying Groceries to Teen Romance to Surving a Hurricane to Turning ... Home to Simply Getting From Here to There
by Robert Dale, Hermann Moisl, Harold Somers
This study explores the design and application of natural language text-based processing systems, based on generative linguistics, empirical copus analysis, and artificial neural networks. It emphasizes the practical tools to accommodate the selected system.
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Advanced Applications of Natural Language Processing for Performing Information Extraction
by Mário Rodrigues, António Teixeira
This book explains how you can be created information extraction (IE) applications that are able to tap the vast amount of relevant information available in natural language sources: Internet pages, official documents such as laws and regulations, books and newspapers, and social web. Readers are introduced to the problem of IE and its current challenges and limitations, supported with examples. The book discusses the need to fill the gap between documents, data, and people, and provides a broad overview of the technology supporting IE.
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Natural Language Processing: Semantic Aspects
by Epaminondas Kapetanios, Doina Tatar, Christian Sacarea
This book introduces the semantic aspects of natural language processing and its applications. Topics covered include measuring word meaning similarity, multi-lingual querying, and parametric theory, named entity recognition, semantics, query language, and the nature of language. The book also emphasizes the portions of mathematics needed to understand the discussed algorithms.
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Natural Language Processing: EAIA '90
by Miguel Filgueiras,Luis Damas, Nelma MoreiraAna P. Tomas
This volume is the proceedings of the Second Advanced School on Artificial Intelligence (EAIA '90) held in Guarda, Portugal, October 8-12, 1990. The focus of the contributions is natural language processing. Two types of subject are covered: - Linguistically motivated theories, presented at an introductory level, such as X-bar theory and head- driven phrase structure grammar, - Recent trends in formalisms which will be familiar to readers with a background in AI, such as Montague semantics and situation semantics.
Natural Language Processing Projects
The best way to learn is to evolve yourself with Projects. Let’s take a look at some of the best NLP projects that you can follow. You can also find NLP projects on Education Ecosystem. If you are interested in finding projects on Education Ecosystem, check the Education Ecosystem NLP Project Creators section for more information.
Tweet classification and trend detection
Classify the tweets for sports, business, politics, entertainment etc and detect trending tweets in those domain
Explore this project!Movie Review Prediction
Use online movie reviews to predict reviews of new movies.
Explore this project!Summarize Restaurant Reviews
Take a list of reviews about a restaurant, and generate a single English summary for that restaurant.
Explore this project!AutoBot
Build a system that can have a conversation with you. The user types messages, and your system replies based on the user's text. Many approaches here ... you could use a large twitter corpus and do language similarity
Explore this project!Twitter based news system
Collect tweets for various categories hourly, daily base, identify trending discussion, perform semantic analysis and create kinda news system (Check Frrole product)
Explore this project!Natural Language Processing Community
The community of data visualization is big. There are plenty of websites you can find a community and become part of it. Let’s list some of them below.
- Wolfram Community for NLP
Wolfram uses NLP at the core of their product. You can check out their community to learn more about NLP and its advancements.
- Natural Language Processing Reddit
Reddit has a good community surrounding NLP.
- Education Ecosystem
Here you can find all the awesome Project Creators who love to share their knowledge about Machine learning.
Natural Language Processing Gurus
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Cyril Allauzen
Cyril Allauzen is a prominent scientist working at Google. He is from New York and his research surrounds around finite-state methods. In the past, he worked as a researcher in the AT&T Research.
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Shay Cohen
Shay Cohen is a the Chancellor's Fellow/Lecturer at the University of Edinburgh. He has wide range of interest, ranging from the statistical learning to computational linguistic. His interest extends to the Natural Language Processing.
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Michael Collins
Michael Collins is a professor of Computer Science at Columbia University. He has also been the editor-in-chief for many ACL-Sponsored journal. His main interest lies in NLP. He also teaches Natural Language Processing on Coursera.
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Kathleen McKeown
Kathleen McKeown is currently the director for the Institute for Data Science and Engineering. Her major interest is in natural language processing..
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Ralph Grishman
Ralph Grishman is the professor at Computer Science Dept. in the New York University. He is the founder of the Proteus Project. The project is created solely on Natural Language Processing research.
Natural Language Processing Conferences
As Robotics is a trending topic in the market, there are many conferences out there that you can attend. Let’s list some of the best Robotics conferences out there.